Protein is a complex organic compound composed of amino acids. Due to the hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, positive charge, negative charge and other characteristics of amino acid residues, it can be folded into a precise 3D structure through the interaction between the residues. The sequence of amino acids determines the unique 3D structure of each protein and its specific functions. Protein participates in almost every process in the cell and is necessary to maintain the structure and function of human tissues and organs. Protein folding errors can induce a variety of degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, frostbite, and senile heart failure. https://www.bioimagingtech...

At present, metal 3D printing occupies a considerable part of the 3D printing industry. High-temperature alloy (also known as super alloy) is a common metal 3D printing material. Long-term work at high temperatures (above 600℃) can bear a certain stress while also resisting corrosion and antioxidant effects. The super alloy mainly includes three types: nickel, cobalt, and iron-based. Nickel super alloy (nickel-based substrates, generally greater than 50%) occupies the vast majority. As shown in Fig. 1, the researchers used IN718 nickel super alloy material to produce an upgraded fuel injector through 3D printing technology. https://www.3dmicroflu.com...

Cell signaling plays a central role in modern life science research. Intercellular communications are carried out by small molecules interacting with their targets at the cell membrane followed by activation of a series of intracellular processes which eventually affect cell growth and survival. There are a limited number of key signaling pathways that operate during development, including Notch signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and Hedgehog signaling pathway. https://www.cd-biosciences...