Numerous technologies have been developed for 3D models including scaffold-based (such as ECM-based hydrogels) cell cultures and scaffold-free cell cultures (such as spheroids). 3D models have been widely employed in various research areas. In cancer research, 3D tumor models, recapitulating the tumor microenvironment, have been increasingly utilized in studying tumorigenesis and anti-cancer drug discovery as excellent models. A variety of cell sources can be used to generate 3D models, including cell lines, primary cells, and genetically modified cells. However, establishment of a proper 3D models fitting to special applications can be complex and resource-demanding, and requires in-depth knowledge.

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